10xGraph with Postgres: Durable Agent Threads

For production agents, every conversation needs durable, resumable state. 10xGraph’s PgCheckpointer writes graph state to Postgres after every node, with Redis on the hot path for fast reads.

This guide covers setup, schema, and the operational patterns we see in practice.

Why Postgres + Redis

• Postgres is durable, transactional, queryable. The source of truth for thread history.
• Redis caches recent thread state for fast reads. Cheap to scale; safe to invalidate.

Together they give you sub-50ms checkpoint reads and durability across restarts.

Install dependencies

PgCheckpointer ships with 10xGraph but needs the Postgres driver + Redis client:

pip install "agentflow[postgres,redis]"
# Equivalent to:
# pip install agentflow asyncpg redis

Run Postgres + Redis locally

Quickest path. Docker Compose:

# docker-compose.yml
services:
  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: agentflow
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: agentflow
      POSTGRES_DB: agentflow
    ports: ["5432:5432"]
    volumes: [pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data]

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    ports: ["6379:6379"]

volumes:
  pgdata:

docker compose up -d.

Wire the checkpointer

from tenxgraph.core.graph import Agent, StateGraph
from tenxgraph.core.state import AgentState, Message
from tenxgraph.storage.checkpointer import PgCheckpointer
from tenxgraph.utils import END

checkpointer = PgCheckpointer(
    db_url="postgresql+asyncpg://agentflow:agentflow@localhost:5432/agentflow",
    redis_url="redis://localhost:6379/0",
)

# ... build graph ...
app = graph.compile(checkpointer=checkpointer)

The first call to app.invoke(...) creates the schema if it does not exist. For controlled migrations, see the schema section below.

Use it

# Turn 1
app.invoke(
    {"messages": [Message.text_message("My name is Alex.")]},
    config={"thread_id": "user-42"},
)

# Turn 2 — same thread_id reuses prior state from Postgres
app.invoke(
    {"messages": [Message.text_message("What's my name?")]},
    config={"thread_id": "user-42"},
)

Process restarts, replica swaps, blue-green deploys. None of them lose the thread.

Schema

PgCheckpointer creates a small set of tables. The shapes (subject to 10xGraph version):

• agentflow_threads. One row per thread (thread_id, created_at, updated_at, metadata)
• agentflow_checkpoints. Graph state snapshots, one row per node boundary
• agentflow_messages. Message history per thread

For exact DDL and migration guidance, see the production checkpointing guide.

Sizing Postgres

Rough budget for a moderate production load:

A db.t4g.medium RDS instance handles tens of thousands of concurrent threads comfortably. Scale up when your p95 write latency exceeds 50ms.

Sizing Redis

Redis holds:

• Recent thread state (LRU eviction)
• Per-thread locks (to avoid concurrent writes to the same thread)

Memory budget: ~5 KB per actively-cached thread. cache.t4g.small (1.5 GB) holds ~300k cached threads with headroom.

Connection pooling

The PgCheckpointer shares a connection pool. Right-size it:

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine

engine = create_async_engine(
    "postgresql+asyncpg://...",
    pool_size=20,           # concurrent connections
    max_overflow=10,        # burst capacity
    pool_pre_ping=True,     # detect dead conns
    pool_recycle=600,       # rotate every 10 min
)

checkpointer = PgCheckpointer.from_engine(engine, redis_url="...")

Pool sizing rule of thumb: n_replicas × n_concurrent_streams_per_replica × 2. Too small → queueing; too large → waste of DB resources.

Multi-tenant patterns

For multi-tenant SaaS, scope threads by tenant:

config = {"thread_id": f"tenant-{tenant_id}:user-{user_id}:session-{session_id}"}

Or partition Postgres by tenant if you have huge tenants. For most apps, prefixed thread IDs are enough.

Backups and disaster recovery

• Postgres. Daily automated backups via your managed service. Point-in-time recovery for the last 7 days minimum.
• Redis. Ephemeral by design. If Redis goes down, the next reads fall through to Postgres. No backup needed.

If you lose Postgres, you lose threads. That is what makes it the durable layer.

Cleanup and TTL

Threads accumulate. Two patterns:

-- Soft-delete threads not touched in 90 days
DELETE FROM agentflow_threads WHERE updated_at < NOW() - INTERVAL '90 days';

Or run a periodic vacuum job. For tenant offboarding, delete by thread_id LIKE 'tenant-X:%'.

Common gotchas

1. Forgot Redis. PgCheckpointer requires it. Without Redis, you’ll see lock contention and slow reads.
2. Connection pool too small. Shows up as queue latency under load.
3. No thread_id in invoke config. Then surprised when it does not remember. Always pass thread_id.
4. Long messages bloat rows. Trim before storing. See state and messages.
5. Treating Redis as the source of truth. Redis can lose data. Postgres is canonical.

Further reading

• Checkpointing concept
• Production checkpointing guide
• AI agent memory and checkpointing
• Deploy AI agent (Docker + AWS)
• Get started